In this study, the previous work, present status, benefits, and limitations of the state-of-the-art
technologies used in smart spraying technologies in precision weed management are …

An orchard variable-rate sprayer applies the appropriate amount of plant protection products
only where they are needed based on detection data from advanced sensors, a system that …

The pulse width modulation (PWM) spray system is the most advanced technology to obtain
variable rate spray application without varying the operative sprayer parameters (eg spray …

Pulse width modulation (PWM) technology is recently introduced into orchard air-blast
sprayers to achieve precision applications of plant protection products and reduce risks to …

BACKGROUND Pesticide applications using a specific droplet size and carrier volume could
maximize herbicide efficacy while mitigating particle drift in a precise and efficient manner …

Pulse-width modulation (PWM) sprayers can improve application accuracy through flow
control, turn compensation, and high-resolution overlap control by pulsing an electronically …

Abstract Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) solenoid valves can be used to control nozzle flow
rates for precision spray applications to reduce pesticide use, thereby reducing …

Precise pesticide application is mainly to control the solenoid valve by pulse width
modulation (PWM). However, as the number of solenoid valves increases, power …

Highlights•Spray parameters were measured for PWM-controlled disc-core hollow-cone
nozzles.•Pressures acting on PWM valves and nozzle orifices were significantly …

BACKGROUND The increasing popularity of pulse‐width modulation (PWM) sprayers
requires that application interaction effects on spray pattern uniformity be completely …