Outdoor recreation is typically assumed to be compatible with biodiversity conservation and
is permitted in most protected areas worldwide. However, increasing numbers of studies are …

Recreational activities are widespread, yet our understanding of their effects on wildlife is
rudimentary. Although numerous studies of recreational impacts have been conducted, the …

Birds are a major feature of many ecotourism marketing materials. Bird logos, bird
photographs, bird diversity, bird-viewing opportunities and bird checklists are commonplace …

We examined the causes and consequences of disturbance to the chicks of Hooded Plover
Thinornis rubricollis in central southern Victoria, Australia. Humans were the most frequent …

Boat disturbance of foraging black guillemots (Cepphus grylle) was studied at a breeding
colony in the Bay of Fundy, Canada. Using observations from a cliff top, flushing behaviour …

Animals frequently interrupt their activity to look up and to scan their surrounding
environment for potential predators (vigilance). As vigilance and other activities are often …

We studied the consequences of human disturbance and gull predation on brood survival of
velvet scoter Melanitta fusca in the Archipelago of South-West Finland in 1990 and 1991 …

While tourism may provide economic benefits for conservation projects, this relationship is
unsustainable if visitors reduce the viability of local ecosystems through the disturbance of …

The American common eider (Somateria mollissima dresseri) is a colonially nesting sea
duck breeding on islands in the coastal regions of Atlantic Canada. Declines in colony size …

Environmental changes in estuaries resulting from resource use and management actions
can detrimentally affect waterbirds. This study examined the distribution and abundance of …