Conifers are long‐lived organisms, and part of their success is due to their potent defense
mechanisms. This review focuses on bark defenses, a front line against organisms trying to …

Chitinase proteins are widely distributed across diverse biological systems. Chitinases
hydrolyze chitin, chitosan, lipochitooligosaccharides, peptidoglycan, arabinogalactan and …

Heterobasidion annosum sensu lato is a species complex comprising five species that are
widely distributed in coniferous forests of the Northern Hemisphere and are each …

The root and butt rot caused by Heterobasidon annosum is one of the most destructive
diseases of conifers in the northern temperate regions of the world, particularly in Europe …

Conifers are the dominant trees over huge areas worldwide and include many species of
great economic and ecological importance. Some conifer species, particularly members of …

The ecological role of soil streptomycetes within the plant root environment is currently
gaining increased attention. This review describes our recent advances in elucidating the …

Conifers are resistant to attack from a large number of potential herbivores or pathogens.
Previous molecular and biochemical characterization of selected conifer defence systems …

Lipase is involved in lipid hydrolysis, which is related to nematodes' energy reserves and
stress resistance. However, the role of lipases in Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, a notorious …

Transcription factors play a fundamental role in plants by orchestrating temporal and spatial
gene expression in response to environmental stimuli. Several R2R3-MYB genes of the …

To study the effect of chemical pretreatment on conifer resistance, 13-year-old Norway
spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) trees were treated with methyl jasmonate (MJ) or oxalic acid …