1.1. Methodology and Evidence Review The ACCF/AHA writing committee to create the
2011 Guideline on the Management of Patients With Extracranial Carotid and Vertebral …

Increased intima–media thickness (IMT) is a non-invasive marker of early arterial wall
alteration, which is easily assessed in the carotid artery by B-mode ultrasound, and more …

The aim of this updated statement is to provide comprehensive and timely evidence-based
recommendations on the prevention of stroke among individuals who have not previously …

Background and Purpose—This guideline provides an overview of the evidence on
established and emerging risk factors for stroke to provide evidence-based …

ContextIn observational studies, individuals with elevated levels of plasma homocysteine
tend to have moderately increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). The MTHFR …

Both markedly and mildly elevated circulating homocysteine concentrations are associated
with increased risk of vascular occlusion. Here we review possible mechanisms that mediate …

Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) causes focal lacunar infarction and more diffuse
ischaemia, referred to as leukoaraiosis. Endothelial dysfunction has been proposed as a …

Elevated plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) is a risk factor for occlusive cardiovascular
disease (CVD). This concept is based on the observations of premature vascular disease in …

Objective—Activated innate immunity is thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of
metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is a pleiotropic …

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD), especially coronary heart disease (CHD), are the most
important causes of death in industrialized countries. Increased concentrations of total …