Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are abundant in tumor tissues, raising a question of whether
immunosuppressive tumor-infiltrating Tregs (TI-Tregs) can be selectively depleted or …

Antibodies targeting programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) or its ligand PD-L1 rescue T
cells from exhausted status and revive immune response against cancer cells. Based on the …

Macrophage infiltration is a hallmark of solid cancers, and overall macrophage infiltration
correlates with lower patient survival and resistance to therapy. Tumor-associated …

The major concept of" oxidative stress" is an excess elevated level of reactive oxygen
species (ROS) which are generated from vigorous metabolism and consumption of oxygen …

Macrophages play an important role in tissue homeostasis, tissue remodeling, immune
response, and progression of cancer. Consequently, macrophages exhibit significant …

Astrocytes are critical components of the neurovascular unit that support blood-brain barrier
(BBB) function. Pathological transformation of astrocytes to reactive states can be protective …

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) constitute a plastic and heterogeneous cell
population of the tumor microenvironment (TME) that can account for up to 50% of some …

Monocytes are innate immune cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system that have
emerged as important regulators of cancer development and progression. Our …

Tumor growth and metastasis rely on tumor vascular network for the adequate supply of
oxygen and nutrients. Tumor angiogenesis relies on a highly complex program of growth …

Both immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) and antiangiogenesis agents have changed the
landscape of cancer treatment in the modern era. While antiangiogenesis agents have …