Over 600 million years ago, animals evolved from a unicellular or colonial organism whose
cell (s) captured bacteria with a collar complex, a flagellum surrounded by a microvillar …

Highlights•Many bacteria have multicellular lifecycle phases, falling into three broad
categories.•Predation, nutrient scarcity, and environmental variability may have led to …

Literature Cited to accompany Animal Communication, 2e Page 1 Principles of Animal
Communication, Second Edition Jack W. Bradbury and Sandra L. Vehrencamp Chapter 14 …

Agriculture has been a large part of the ecological success of humans. A handful of animals,
notably the fungus-growing ants, termites and ambrosia beetles,,, have advanced …

Continuous communication between cells is necessary for development of any multicellular
organism and depends on the recognition of secreted signals. A wide range of molecules …

Much of what we know about the evolution of altruism comes from animals. Here, we show
that studying a microbe has yielded unique insights, particularly in understanding how social …

Recognition of relatives is important in microbes because they perform many behaviors that
have costs to the actor while benefiting neighbors. Microbes cooperate for nourishment …

Deciphering the genetic and neurobiological underpinnings of social behavior is a difficult
task. Simple model organisms such as C. elegans, Drosophila, and social insects display a …

Greenbeard genetic elements encode rare perceptible signals, signal recognition ability,
and altruism towards others that display the same signal. Putative greenbeards have been …

Dictyostelium discoideum (DD), an extensively studied model organism for cell and
developmental biology, belongs to the most derived group 4 of social amoebas, a clade of …