The year 2015 was special for climate scientists, particularly for the El Niño Southern
Oscillation (ENSO) research community, as a major El Niño finally materialized after a long …

Abstract The El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a major component of the Earth's
climate that largely influences global climate variability through long‐distance …

Based on the Gini-coefficients, this study has presented an analysis of the impacts of
anthropogenic forcing on the temporal inequality (ie, increase in unevenness or disparity) of …

El Niño and the Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a naturally occurring fluctuation of the
climate system that is generated in the tropical Pacific through interactions between the …

Abstract The Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) Version 3.2 Precipitation
Analysis provides globally complete analyses of surface precipitation on a 0.5°× 0.5° latitude …

ENSO events display large interevent differences in amplitude, spatial pattern, and temporal
evolution. The differences in spatial pattern, which have important consequences for ENSO …

INTRODUCTION The Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) is NASA's first satellite
designed to measure atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) with the precision, resolution, and …

The oceans regulate our weather and climate from global to regional scales. They absorb
over 90% of accumulated heat in the climate system (IPCC Citation 2013) and over a quarter …

One of ENSO's most important influences is its worldwide modulation of tropical cyclone
(TC) activity. TCs impact millions of people annually and can devastate life and property …

We show that the well‐known failure of any single index to capture the diversity and
extremes of El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) results from the inability of existing indices …