In this Beyond the Cell review, we focus on five stages of the journey of insulin through the
body and the captivating cell biology that underlies its connections with each organ. We …

Network science is today established as a backbone for description of structure and function
of various physical, chemical, biological, technological, and social systems. Here we review …

Upon its secretion from pancreatic β-cells, insulin reaches the liver through the portal
circulation to exert its action and eventually undergo clearance in the hepatocytes. In …

Insulin action is impaired in type 2 diabetes. The functions of the hormone are an integrated
product of insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells and insulin clearance by receptor …

Chronic hyperglycemia and the corresponding glucotoxicity are the main pathogenic
mechanisms of diabetes and its complications. Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic animal …

The “second messenger” archetype cAMP is one of the most important cellular signalling
molecules with central functions including the regulation of insulin and glucagon secretion …

In the pancreatic islet, serotonin is an autocrine signal increasing beta cell mass during
metabolic challenges such as those associated with pregnancy or high-fat diet. It is still …

The central and peripheral nervous systems play critical roles in regulating pancreatic islet
function and glucose metabolism. Over the last century, in vitro and in vivo studies along …

Insulin modulates the biochemical pathways controlling lipid uptake, lipolysis and
lipogenesis at multiple levels. Elevated insulin levels are associated with obesity, and …

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a complex progressive endocrine disease
characterized by hyperglycemia and life-threatening complications. It is the most common …