Until recently in Earth history, very large herbivores (mammoths, ground sloths, diprotodons,
and many others) occurred in most of the World's terrestrial ecosystems, but the majority …

Fire is a complex physical and ecological process and one that has dramatically affected
New Zealand's landscapes and ecosystems in the post-settlement era. Prior to human …

Trophic rewilding is an ecological restoration strategy that uses species introductions to
restore top-down trophic interactions and associated trophic cascades to promote self …

Holdaway (1989) described three phases of historical extinctions and declines in New
Zealand avifauna, the last of which (Group III, declining 1780–1986) was associated with …

Fire and herbivory both remove aboveground biomass. Environmental factors determine the
type and intensity of these consumers globally, but the traits of plants can also alter their …

Extinctions have altered island ecosystems throughout the late Quaternary. Here, we review
the main historic drivers of extinctions on islands, patterns in extinction chronologies …

Worldwide declines in bird numbers have recently renewed interest in how well bird–plant
mutualisms are functioning. In New Zealand, it has been argued that bird pollination was …

The use of fences designed to exclude all exotic mammals from natural habitats is a recent
conservation strategy being implemented on the main islands of New Zealand for ecosystem …

Alpine zones are threatened globally by invasive species, hunting, and habitat loss caused
by fire, anthropogenic development and climate change. These global threats are pertinent …

Societal Impact Statement Madagascar is famous for its unique forests and their fauna. Most
of the island is covered by flammable grassy ecosystems long considered to be of human …