Numerous current efforts seek to improve the representation of ecosystem ecology and
vegetation demographic processes within Earth System Models (ESM s). These …

In recent years, an evaluation technique for Earth System Models (ESMs) has arisen—
emergent constraints (ECs)—which rely on strong statistical relationships between aspects …

Anthropogenic climate change is projected to lead to ocean warming, acidification,
deoxygenation, reductions in near-surface nutrients, and changes to primary production, all …

Equilibrium climate sensitivity, the global surface temperature response to CO doubling, has
been persistently uncertain. Recent consensus places it likely within 1.5–4.5 K. Global …

Partitioning uncertainty in projections of future climate change into contributions from
internal variability, model response uncertainty and emissions scenarios has historically …

Working Group I (WGI) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assesses
the current evidence on the physical science of climate change, evaluating knowledge …

Macroclimatic changes are impacting ecosystems worldwide. However, a large portion of
terrestrial species live under conditions where impacts of macroclimate change are buffered …

Citizen science initiatives have been increasingly used by researchers as a source of
occurrence data to model the distribution of alien species. Since citizen science presence …

The sixth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) constitutes the latest update on
expected future climate change based on a new generation of climate models. To extract …

For proponents of the view that anthropogenic climate change will become a 'threat
multiplier'for instability in the decades ahead, the Syrian civil war has become a recurring …