Chloroplasts are the defining plant organelles with responsibility for photosynthesis and
other vital functions. To deliver these functions, they possess a complex proteome …

Chloroplasts are the organelles that define plants, and they are responsible for
photosynthesis as well as numerous other functions. They are the ancestral members of a …

The TOC and TIC complexes are essential translocons that facilitate the import of the
nuclear genome-encoded preproteins across the two envelope membranes of chloroplast …

The SPAD-502 meter is a hand-held device that is widely used for the rapid, accurate and
non-destructive measurement of leaf chlorophyll concentrations. It has been employed …

Plants adapt to different environmental conditions by constantly forming new organs in
response to morphogenetic signals. Lateral roots branch from the main root in response to …

The ancestors of modern cyanobacteria invented O2-generating photosynthesis some 3.6
billion years ago. The conversion of water and CO2 into energy-rich sugars and O2 slowly …

The Arabidopsis genes FT and TERMINAL FLOWER1 (TFL1) encode related proteins with
similarity to human Raf kinase inhibitor protein. FT, and likely also TFL1, is recruited to the …

Background Development of eukaryotic organisms is controlled by transcription factors that
trigger specific and global changes in gene expression programs. In plants, MADS-domain …

Development of chloroplasts and other plastids depends on the import of thousands of
nucleus-encoded proteins from the cytosol. Import is initiated by TOC (translocon at the outer …

Color mutation is a common, easily identifiable phenomenon in higher plants. Color
mutations usually affect the photosynthetic efficiency of plants, resulting in poor growth and …