Abstract mRNA vaccines have emerged as highly effective strategies in the prophylaxis and
treatment of diseases, thanks largely although not totally to their extraordinary performance …

A large body of evidence generated in the last two and a half years addresses the roles of T
cells in SARS-CoV-2 infection and following vaccination. Infection or vaccination induces …

Abstract Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been the most severe public health
challenge in this century. Two years after its emergence, the rapid development and …

Currently, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) has spread
worldwide as an Omicron variant. This variant is a heavily mutated virus and designated as …

Recent advances in studies of immune memory in mice and humans have reinforced the
concept that memory B cells play a critical role in protection against repeated infections …

RNA vaccines are efficient preventive measures to combat the severe acute respiratory
syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. High levels of neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 …

Immunological memory is the basis of protective immunity provided by vaccines and
previous infections. Immunological memory can develop from multiple branches of the …

Adjuvants are critical for improving the quality and magnitude of adaptive immune
responses to vaccination. Lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-encapsulated nucleoside-modified …

Antibodies against epitopes in S1 give the most accurate CoP against infection by the SARS‐
CoV‐2 coronavirus. Measurement of those antibodies by neutralization or binding assays …

Adaptive immunity provides protection against infectious and malignant diseases. These
effects are mediated by lymphocytes that sense and respond with targeted precision to …