Group living is thought to have important antipredator benefits for animals, owing to the
mechanisms of shared vigilance (“many-eyes” hypothesis), risk dilution (“dilution effect” …

When encountering an approaching predator, prey often must decide on an optimal distance
for escape, measured as flight initiation distance (FID). As a fundamental behavioural …

Urban areas are known to have high levels of noise pollution, which can impact an animal's
antipredator behavior. Noise can either distract the animal or mask the sounds of a predator …

During collective vigilance, it is commonly assumed that individual animals compromise
their feeding time to be vigilant against predators, benefiting the entire group. One notable …

Remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS, or 'drones' hereafter) have potential for surveying
waterbird species and habitats, but there is a risk that the disturbance from drones could …

Alert distance (AD) and flight initiation distance (FID) are popular measures used to explore
the reaction of prey to approaching predators, and thus the economics underlying optimal …

Exercise intensity is prone to be self-regulated in horses exercising freely. The main drivers
include social, feeding and escape behaviors, as well as the operant conditioning. We …

Anthropogenic stressors, such as artificial light at night (ALAN), increasingly affect the sleep
behaviour and physiology of wild birds, particularly in areas where human activity is …

Ecological and environmental traits can influence avian escape behaviour but most data
underpinning our current understanding relates to continental and temperate areas and …

Human activities can impact avian populations leading to impaired fitness. It is, therefore,
important to monitor their response to direct disturbance. Flight initiation distance (FID) is …