Deviation from a normal facial shape and symmetry can arise from numerous sources,
including physical injury and congenital birth defects. Such abnormalities can have …

There are numerous anatomical and anthropometrical standards that can be utilised for
craniofacial analysis and identification. These standards originate from a wide variety of …

Objective Quantification and visualization of the location and magnitude of facial asymmetry
is important for diagnosis and treatment planning. The objective of this study was to analyze …

Background: Historically, the development of two-dimensional (2D) imaging techniques
forerun that of three-dimensional (3D) ones. Some 2D methods are still considered valid and …

Objectives: Studies suggest that high levels of masculinity in men can be a signal of 'better
genes' as well as low parental investment. It is the trade-off between these two qualities that …

Abstract Background and objective (s)(1) To derive descriptive statistics of three-
dimensional (3D) facial shape, lip and cheek muscle pressure in subjects of European …

In the face, symmetry is established when bilateral streams of neural crest cells leave the
neural tube at the same time, follow identical migration routes and then give rise to the facial …

Animal bodies in general and faces in particular show mirror symmetry with respect to the
median-sagittal plane, with exceptions rarely occurring. Bilateral symmetry to the median …

Many studies have suggested that developmental instability (DI) could lead to asymmetric
development, otherwise known as fluctuating asymmetry (FA). Several attempts to unravel …

Facial information is a powerful channel for human-to-human communication.
Characteristically, faces can be defined as biological objects that are four-dimensional (4D) …