Solid tumors are complex organ-like structures that consist not only of tumor cells but also of
vasculature, extracellular matrix (ECM), stromal, and immune cells. Often, this tumor …

Recreating human organ–level function in vitro is a rapidly evolving field that integrates
tissue engineering, stem cell biology, and microfluidic technology to produce 3D organoids …

Progress in advancing a system-level understanding of the complexity of human tissue
development and regeneration is hampered by a lack of biological model systems that …

Cancer occurs when cells acquire genomic instability and inflammation, produce abnormal
levels of epigenetic factors/proteins and tumor suppressors, reprogram the energy …

Besides molecular and phenotypic variations observed in cancer cells, intratumoral
heterogeneity also occurs in the tumor microenvironment. Correlative stiffness maps of …

Cell-derived extracellular matrices (CD-ECMs) captured increasing attention since the first
studies in the 1980s. The biological resemblance of CD-ECMs to their in vivo counterparts …

The behaviour of cells cultured within three-dimensional (3D) structures rather than onto two-
dimensional (2D) culture plastic more closely reflects their in vivo responses. Consequently …

The notion that cell shape and spreading can regulate cell proliferation has evolved over
several years, but only recently has this been linked to forces from within and upon the cell …

Efforts to discover new cancer drugs and predict their clinical activity are limited by the fact
that laboratory models to test drug efficacy do not faithfully recapitulate this complex disease …

Abstract 3D in vitro models have been used in cancer research as a compromise between 2-
dimensional cultures of isolated cancer cells and the manufactured complexity of xenografts …