We evaluate two decades of proposals to replace text passwords for general-purpose user
authentication on the web using a broad set of twenty-five usability, deployability and …

Despite two decades of intensive research, it remains a challenge to design a practical
anonymous two-factor authentication scheme, for the designers are confronted with an …

Anonymity is among the important properties of two-factor authentication schemes for
wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to preserve user privacy. Though impressive efforts have …

This paper describes an experiment to investigate user perceptions of the usability and
security of single-factor and two-factor authentication methods in automated telephone …

We provide the first published estimates of the difficulty of guessing a human-chosen 4-digit
PIN. We begin with two large sets of 4-digit sequences chosen outside banking for online …

Due to its simplicity, portability and robustness, two-factor authentication has received much
interest in the past two decades. While security-related issues have been well studied, how …

EMV is the international protocol standard for smartcard payment and is used in over 9
billion cards worldwide. Despite the standard's advertised security, various issues have …

The emerging use of modern technologies has not only benefited society but also attracted
fraudsters and criminals to misuse the technology for financial benefits. Fraud over the …