All endocrine glands are susceptible to neoplastic growth, yet the health consequences of
these neoplasms differ between endocrine tissues. Pituitary neoplasms are highly prevalent …

The gastrointestinal tract plays a role in the development and treatment of metabolic
diseases. During a meal, the gut provides crucial information to the brain regarding …

Obesity is a complex condition that interweaves biological, developmental, environmental,
behavioral, and genetic factors; it is a significant public health problem. The most common …

Abstract Agouti-related peptide (AgRP)-expressing and proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-
expressing neurons reciprocally regulate food intake. Here, we combine non-interacting …

Feelings of hunger and satiety are the key determinants for maintaining the life of humans
and animals. Disturbed appetite control may disrupt the metabolic health of the host and …

Gut hormones orchestrate pivotal physiological processes in multiple metabolically active
tissues, including the pancreas, liver, adipose tissue, gut and central nervous system …

The central nervous system (CNS) receives information from afferent neurons, circulating
hormones, and absorbed nutrients and integrates this information to orchestrate the actions …

Feeding, which is essential for all animals, is regulated by homeostatic mechanisms. In
addition, food consumption is temporally coordinated by the brain over the circadian (~ 24 h) …

Over the last two decades, it has become evident that estrogens preserve the integrity of
energy homeostasis at central and peripheral levels. Estrogen deficiency, such as that …

The complex bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain is finely
orchestrated by different systems, including the endocrine, immune, autonomic, and enteric …