Toxin–antitoxin systems are widespread in bacterial genomes. They are usually composed
of two elements: a toxin that inhibits an essential cellular process and an antitoxin that …

Type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are small genetic elements composed of a toxic protein
and its cognate antitoxin protein, the latter counteracting the toxicity of the former. While TA …

Proteases represent the class of enzymes which occupy a pivotal position with respect to
their physiological roles as well as their commercial applications. They perform both …

Toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems are small genetic elements composed of a toxin gene and its
cognate antitoxin. The toxins of all known TA systems are proteins while the antitoxins are …

Although toxin–antitoxin gene cassettes were first found in plasmids, recent database
mining has shown that these loci are abundant in free-living prokaryotes, including many …

▪ Abstract Proteolysis in Escherichia coli serves to rid the cell of abnormal and misfolded
proteins and to limit the time and amounts of availability of critical regulatory proteins. Most …

The hallmark of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is its ability to persist for a long-term in host
granulomas, in a non-replicating and drug-tolerant state, and later awaken to cause disease …

SUMMARY α-Crystallins were originally recognized as proteins contributing to the
transparency of the mammalian eye lens. Subsequently, they have been found in many, but …

One of the most pertinent recent outcomes of molecular microbiology efforts to understand
bacterial behavior is the discovery of a wide range of toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems that are …

Proteases and chaperones together serve to maintain quahty control of cellular proteins.
Both types of en zymes have as their substrates the variety of misfolded and partially folded …