The intestinal mucosal barrier, also referred to as intestinal barrier, is widely recognized as a
critical player in gut homeostasis maintenance as it ensures the complex crosstalk between …

The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) proteins NOD1 and NOD2, the
founding members of the intracellular NOD-like receptor family, sense conserved motifs in …

The autoinflammatory diseases are characterized by seemingly unprovoked episodes of
inflammation, without high-titer autoantibodies or antigen-specific T cells. The concept was …

Nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)‐like receptors (NLRs) are a specialized group of
intracellular proteins that play a critical role in the regulation of the host innate immune …

Entry of bacteria into host cells is an important virulence mechanism. Through peptidoglycan
recognition, the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) proteins NOD1 and …

Paneth cells are highly specialized epithelial cells of the small intestine, where they
coordinate many physiological functions. First identified more than a century ago on the …

Genome-wide association studies efficiently and powerfully assay common genetic
variation. The application of these studies to Crohn's disease has provided insight into the …

Traditionally, Crohn's disease has been associated with a Th1 cytokine profile, while Th2
cytokines are modulators of ulcerative colitis. This concept has been challenged by the …

The NOD-like receptors (NLRs) are a specialized group of intracellular receptors that
represent a key component of the host innate immune system. Since the discovery of the first …

The intestinal immune system defends against pathogens and entry of excessive intestinal
microbes; simultaneously, a state of immune tolerance to resident intestinal microbes must …