Biofilms are a form of collective life with emergent properties that confer many advantages
on their inhabitants, and they represent a much higher level of organization than single cells …

Virtually all nonequilibrium electron transfers on Earth are driven by a set of nanobiological
machines composed largely of multimeric protein complexes associated with a small …

More than three-quarters of the Earth's surface is occupied by cold ecosystems, including
the ocean depths, and polar and alpine regions. These permanently cold environments …

Cold environments represent the majority of the biosphere on Earth and have been
successfully colonized by psychrophilic microorganisms that are able to thrive at low …

Our work was motivated by discoveries of prokaryotic communities that survive with little
nutrient in ice and permafrost, with implications for past or present microbial life in Martian …

Bacteria are ubiquitous in the atmosphere, with concentrations of bacterial cells typically
exceeding 1× 10 4 m− 3 over land. Numerous studies have suggested that the presence of …

The tundra is the coldest biome described in typical geography and biology textbooks.
Within the cryosphere, there are large expanses of ice in the Antarctic, Arctic and alpine …

Microbial communities in different samples collected from cold deserts of north western
Himalayas, India, were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phospholipid fatty …

Prokaryotic extremophiles were the first representatives of life on Earth and they are
responsible for the genesis of geological structures during the evolution and creation of all …

It has been shown that sunlit snow and ice plays an important role in processing
atmospheric species. Photochemical production of a variety of chemicals has recently been …