Many introduced plant species rely on mutualisms in their new habitats to overcome barriers
to establishment and to become naturalized and, in some cases, invasive. Mutualisms …

Losses of natural and semi-natural forests, mostly to agriculture, are a significant concern for
biodiversity. Against this trend, the area of intensively managed plantation forests increases …

For decades, conservation and research initiatives in tropical forests have focused almost
exclusively on old-growth forests because scientists believed that these “pristine” …

Land-use history interacts with natural forces to influence the severity of disturbance events
and the rate and nature of recovery processes in tropical forests. Although we are far from an …

Deliberate progress towards the goal of long-term sustainability depends on understanding
the dynamics of linked social and ecological systems. The concept of social-ecological …

Disturbance events vary in intensity, size, and frequency, but few opportunities exist to study
those that are extreme on more than one of these gradients. This article characterizes …

Restoration ecology is undergoing rapid growth as an academic discipline, similar to that
experienced by conservation biology over the last 15 years. Restoration ecology and …

Key message There is no one-size-fits-all way to successfully implement forest landscape
restoration (FLR). Complex socio-ecological systems present challenges and opportunities …

Rates of change in tree communities following major disturbances are determined by a
complex set of interactions between local site factors, landscape history and structure …

Expansion of planted forests and intensification of their management has raised concerns
among forest managers and the public over the implications of these trends for sustainable …