Vertebrate animals exhibit a spectacular diversity of social behaviors, yet a variety of basic
social behavior processes are essential to all species. These include social signaling; …

Hormones coordinate the co-expression of behavioral, physiological, and morphological
traits, giving rise to correlations among traits and organisms whose parts work well together …

Lizards provide a rich opportunity for investigating the mechanisms associated with arousal
and the display of motivated behaviors. They exhibit diverse mating strategies and modes of …

Across species, individuals within a population differ in their level of boldness in social
encounters with conspecifics. This boldness phenotype is often stable across both time and …

Behavior can help to establish dominance in intrasexual interactions, preventing more costly
aggressive interactions and improving access to mates. Distinct color morphs often correlate …

Within populations, some individuals tend to exhibit a bold or shy social behavior phenotype
relative to the mean. The neural underpinnings of these differing phenotypes–also …

Aggression is an important component of behavior in many animals and may be crucial to
providing individuals with a competitive advantage when resources are limited. Although …

Individual hormone profiles can be important generators of phenotypic variation. Despite
this, work on the consequences of hormone profiles has traditionally ignored the large inter …

Historically, the role of aggression in the social lives of animals overwhelmingly focused on
males. In recent years, however, female–female aggression in vertebrates, particularly …

Elevated levels of gonadal androgens are often required for the expression of male-specific
behavioral and morphological traits in all classes of vertebrates, including reptiles. Here, we …