The human brain possesses neural networks and mechanisms enabling the representation
of numbers, basic arithmetic operations, and mathematical reasoning. Without the ability to …

Numerical knowledge, including number concepts and arithmetic procedures, seems to be a
clear-cut case for abstract symbol manipulation. Yet, evidence from perceptual and motor …

We review the evidence for the conceptual association between arithmetic and space and
quantify the effect size in meta-analyses. We focus on three effects:(a) the operational …

We introduce a novel method capable of dissecting the succession of processing stages
underlying mental arithmetic, thus revealing how two numbers are transformed into a third …

Do mathematical symbols evoke spatial representations? Although behavioral studies have
long demonstrated interactions between space and the processing of Arabic digits, how to …

Arithmetic operations are complex mental processes rooted in the abstract concept of
numerosity. Despite the significance, the neural architecture responsible for these …

It has been proposed that elementary arithmetic induces spatial shifts of attention. However,
the timing of this arithmetic-space association remains unknown. Here we investigate this …

In an experiment, 98 children aged 8 to 9, 10 to 12, and 13 to 15 years solved addition
problems with a sum up to 10. In another experiment, the same children solved the same …

Adults shift their attention to the right or to the left along a spatial continuum when solving
additions and subtractions, respectively. Studies suggest that these shifts not only support …

Numerical Cognition: The Basics provides an understanding of the neural and cognitive
mechanisms that enable us to perceive, process, and memorize numerical information …