This article explores the evolution of soda ash production methods, highlighting the shift
towards more sustainable practices. It analyzes the environmental and economic challenges …

As a bulk solid waste with high alkalinity, red mud (RM) not only occupies a large amount of
land and requires high maintenance costs, but also unavoidably generates serious hazards …

Red mud is the waste of bauxite refinement into alumina, the feedstock for aluminium
production. With about 180 million tonnes produced per year, red mud has amassed to one …

Red mud (RM) is the major waste material with strong alkaline discharged which is during
the alumina extraction process. The global stock of RM has exceeded 4 billion tons and its …

Rare earth elements (REEs) are vital components of high-tech electrical and electronic
based materials. In the global scenario, the deposits of natural rare earth elements (REEs) …

In 2021, global alumina production reached over 135 million tons and discharged
approximately 200 million tons of red mud, leading to severe environmental safety hazards …

Red mud is an industrial waste generated during alumina production containing residual
minerals of bauxite ore. Significant metallic values with appreciable concentration make it a …

Highlights•The different methods to utilise and recycle of bulk bauxite residue are reviewed.•
Demonstrated the red mud compositions and its disposal and environmental impact.•The …

Under the condition of not adding external chemical activators, long-term performance-
stable eco-cementitious materials without clinker can be produced through the synergistic …

The balance between the market demand and the natural abundance of the rare-earth
elements (REEs) in ores, often referred to as the Balance Problem (or the Balancing …