The present interglacial, the Holocene, spans the period of the last 11,700 years. It has
sustained the growth and development of modern society. The millennial-scale decreasing …

The last 6000years are of particular interest to the understanding of the Earth System
because the boundary conditions of the climate system did not change dramatically (in …

This report is the first complete assessment of the science of climate change since Working
Group I (WGI) of the IPCC produced its second report Climate Change 1995: The Science of …

Although the dramatic climate disruptions of the last glacial period have received
considerable attention, relatively little has been directed toward climate variability in the …

A record of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations measured on the EPICA
(European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica) Dome Concordia ice core extends the Vostok …

Observed climate change and variability (for definitions, see the IPCC Glossary, Appendix I)
are considered in this chapter by addressing seven commonly asked questions related to …

We analyze the global variations in the timing and magnitude of the Holocene Thermal
Maximum (HTM) and their dependence on various forcings in transient simulations covering …

• The sustained rate of increase over the past century in the combined radiative forcing from
the three well-mixed greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous …

To understand how planet Earth works we study it increasingly as a system–a collection of
interdependent parts or spheres–the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, the cryosphere, the …

The position and intensity of the southern westerly wind belt varies seasonally as a
consequence of changes in sea surface temperature. During the austral winter, the belt …