Fifty years ago, the C4 photosynthetic pathway was first characterized. In the subsequent
five decades, much has been learned about C4 plants, such that it is now possible to place …

The oldest Oldowan tool sites, from around 2.6 million years ago, have previously been
confined to Ethiopia's Afar Triangle. We describe sites at Nyayanga, Kenya, dated to 3.032 …

Diets estimated from different proxies such as stable isotopes, stomach contents, and dental
microwear often disagree, leading to nominally well‐supported but greatly differing …

Across the last~ 50,000 years (the late Quaternary) terrestrial vertebrate faunas have
experienced severe losses of large species (megafauna), with most extinctions occurring in …

Aridification is often considered a major driver of long-term ecological change and hominin
evolution in eastern Africa during the Plio-Pleistocene; however, this hypothesis remains …

Present-day African ecosystems serve as referential models for conceptualizing the
environmental context of early hominin evolution, but the degree to which modern …

The evolution of C4 grassland ecosystems in eastern Africa has been intensely studied
because of the potential influence of vegetation on mammalian evolution, including that of …

It has long been proposed that pre-modern hominin impacts drove extinctions and shaped
the evolutionary history of Africa's exceptionally diverse large mammal communities, but this …

Although ecometric methods have been used to analyse fossil mammal faunas and
environments of Eurasia and North America, such methods have not yet been applied to the …

Living hominoids are distinguished by upright torsos and versatile locomotion. It is
hypothesized that these features evolved for feeding on fruit from terminal branches in …