In recent years, an evaluation technique for Earth System Models (ESMs) has arisen—
emergent constraints (ECs)—which rely on strong statistical relationships between aspects …

Ocean biogeochemical models describe the ocean's circulation, physical properties,
biogeochemical properties and their transformations using coupled differential equations …

ES 6: 3-5 Replace “It is unequivocal that emissions of the well-mixed greenhouse gases
(GHG) carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2 O) from human activities …

Nutrient availability limits phytoplankton growth throughout much of the global ocean. Here
we synthesize available experimental data to identify three dominant nutrient limitation …

Anthropogenic climate change is projected to lead to ocean warming, acidification,
deoxygenation, reductions in near-surface nutrients, and changes to primary production, all …

The ocean is a key component of the Earth system (Chapter 1) as it provides essential life
supporting services (Inniss et al. 2017). For example, it stores heat trapped in the …

Projections of climate change impacts on marine ecosystems have revealed long-term
declines in global marine animal biomass and unevenly distributed impacts on fisheries …

To meet the demand for food from a growing global population, aquaculture production is
under great pressure to increase as capture fisheries have stagnated. However, aquaculture …

Ocean net primary production (NPP) results from CO2 fixation by marine phytoplankton,
catalysing the transfer of organic matter and energy to marine ecosystems, supporting most …

Earth system models are complex and represent a large number of processes, resulting in a
persistent spread across climate projections for a given future scenario. Owing to different …