The SPARC tokamak is a critical next step towards commercial fusion energy. SPARC is
designed as a high-field () relevant to fusion power plants. SPARC's place in the path to …

The SPARC tokamak project, currently in engineering design, aims to achieve breakeven
and burning plasma conditions in a compact device, thanks to new developments in high …

Avoidance of the harmful effects of runaway electrons (REs) in plasma-terminating
disruptions is pivotal in the design of safety systems for magnetic fusion devices. Here, we …

SPARC is being designed to operate with a normalized beta of that rises linearly with a
change in the plasma current. Massive material injection is planned to reduce the disruption …

A runaway avalanche can result in a conversion of the initial plasma current into a relativistic
electron beam in high-current tokamak disruptions. We investigate the effect of massive …

An effective disruption mitigation system in a tokamak reactor should limit the exposure of
the wall to localized heat losses and to the impact of high current runaway electron beams …

Abstract Generation of Runaway Electrons (REs) during plasma disruptions is of great
concern for ITER and future reactors based on the tokamak concept. Unmitigated RE …

Integrated modelling of electron runaway requires computationally expensive kinetic models
that are self-consistently coupled to the evolution of the background plasma parameters. The …

Tokamak start-up is characterized by low electron densities and strong electric fields, in
order to quickly raise the plasma current and temperature, allowing the plasma to fully ionize …

A Bayesian optimization framework is used to investigate scenarios for disruptions mitigated
with combined deuterium and neon injection in ITER. The optimization cost function takes …