Biotic interactions drive key ecological and evolutionary processes and mediate ecosystem
responses to climate change. The direction, frequency, and intensity of biotic interactions …

Geologists and palaeontologists have expressed mixed views about the effects of the end-
Permian mass extinction on continental habitats and on terrestrial life. Current work …

INTRODUCTION Climate change triggered by volcanic greenhouse gases is hypothesized
to have caused the largest mass extinction in Earth's history at the end of the Permian Period …

The vertebrate lineages that would shape Mesozoic and Cenozoic terrestrial ecosystems
originated across Triassic Pangaea,,,,,,,,,–. By the Late Triassic (Carnian stage,~ 235 million …

Abstract The Mediterranean Sea has been strongly influenced by human activities for
millennia. Although the environmental history of its surrounding terrestrial ecosystems has …

Climate models predict a dramatic increase in the annual frequency and severity of extreme
weather events during the next century. Here we show that increases in the annual …

The history of Earth's biodiversity is punctuated episodically by mass extinctions. These are
characterized by major declines of taxon richness, but the accompanying ecological …

Species loss in ecosystems can lead to secondary extinctions as a result of consumer–
resource relationships and other species interactions. We compare levels of secondary …

The southern part of the Karoo Basin of South Africa contains a near complete stratigraphic
record of the Permo-Triassic boundary (PTB). Isotope-and magneto-stratigraphy confirm that …

Clade dynamics in the fossil record broadly fit expectations from the operation of
competition, predation, and mutualism, but data from both modern and ancient systems …