El Niño and La Niña events in the tropical Pacific have significant and disrupting impacts on
the global atmospheric and oceanic circulation. El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) …

The stratosphere, the layer of the atmosphere at heights between 10-50 km, is an important
source of variability for the weather and climate at the Earth's surface on timescales of weeks …

The AR5 concluded that human influence on the climate system is clear, evident from
increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, positive radiative forcing …

Abstract The MPI‐ESM1. 2 is the latest version of the Max Planck Institute Earth System
Model and is the baseline for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 and …

The stratosphere has been identified as an important source of predictability for a range of
processes on subseasonal to seasonal (S2S) time scales. Knowledge about S2S …

The stratospheric quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) and the tropospheric Madden–Julian
oscillation (MJO) are strongly linked in boreal winter. In this Review, we synthesize …

Large-scale chemical depletion of ozone due to anthropogenic emissions occurs over
Antarctica as well as, to a lesser degree, the Arctic. Surface climate predictability in the …

Weather and climate variations on subseasonal to decadal time scales can have enormous
social, economic, and environmental impacts, making skillful predictions on these time …

A key determinant of winter weather and climate in Europe and North America is the North
Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), the dominant mode of atmospheric variability in the Atlantic …

Sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) events can significantly impact tropospheric weather
for a period of several weeks, in particular in the North Atlantic–European (NAE) region …