Excess soil salinity affects large regions of land and is a major hindrance to crop production
worldwide. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms of plant salt tolerance has …

Protein kinases are major players in various signal transduction pathways. Understanding
the molecular mechanisms behind plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses has …

The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays a central role in the regulation of stomatal
movements under water‐deficit conditions. The identification of ABA receptors and the ABA …

Auxin, one of the first identified and most widely studied phytohormones, has been and will
remain a hot topic in plant biology. After more than a century of passionate exploration, the …

Heavy metals such as Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni, Co, Cd, Zn, Hg and arsenic are for long being
accumulated in soils through industrial waste and sewage disposal. Although some of these …

The plant-signaling molecule auxin triggers fast and slow cellular responses across land
plants and algae. The nuclear auxin pathway mediates gene expression and controls …

In the natural environment, plants are exposed to a variety of biotic and abiotic stress
conditions that trigger rapid changes in the production and scavenging of reactive oxygen …

Drought stress restricts plant growth and development by altering metabolic activity and
biological functions. However, plants have evolved several cellular and molecular …

The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) is crucial for plant responses to environmental
challenges. The SNF1-regulated protein kinase 2s (SnRK2s) are key components in ABA …

Plants have developed a complex defense system against diverse pests and pathogens.
Once pathogens overcome mechanical barriers to infection, plant receptors initiate signaling …