▪ Abstract Many phytopathogenic bacteria inject virulence effector proteins into plant cells via
a Hrp type III secretion system (TTSS). Without the TTSS, these pathogens cannot defeat …

▪ Abstract Type III secretion systems allow Yersinia spp., Salmonella spp., Shigella spp.,
Bordetella spp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli …

The soft rot erwiniae, Erwinia carotovora ssp. atroseptica (Eca), E. carotovora ssp.
carotovora (Ecc) and E. chrysanthemi (Ech) are major bacterial pathogens of potato and …

Gene clusters contributing to processes such as cell growth and pathogenicity are often
controlled by two-component signal transduction systems (TCSs). Specific inhibitors against …

Pectate lyases are enzymes involved in plant cell wall degradation. They cleave pectin
using a β‐elimination mechanism, specific for acidic polysaccharides. They are mainly …

Upon localized attack by necrotizing pathogens, plants gradually develop increased
resistance against subsequent infections at the whole-plant level, a phenomenon known as …

The type III protein secretion system (TTSS) is a complex organelle in the envelope of many
Gram-negative bacteria; it delivers potentially hundreds of structurally diverse bacterial …

Harpin, the product of the hrpN gene of Erwinia amylovora, elicits the hypersensitive
response and disease resistance in many plants. Harpin and known inducers of systemic …

The bacterial plant pathogen, Erwinia amylovora, causes the devastating disease known as
fire blight in some Rosaceous plants like apple, pear, quince, raspberry and several …

Harpins are glycine-rich and heat-stable proteins that are secreted through type III secretion
system in gram-negative plant-pathogenic bacteria. Many studies show that these proteins …