Spatiotemporal forecasting (STF) extends traditional time series forecasting or spatial
interpolation problem to space and time dimensions. Here, we review the statistical, physical …

ENSO is the strongest interannual signal in the global climate system with worldwide
climatic, ecological and societal impacts. Over the past decades, the research about ENSO …

We examine a dynamical method for estimating subsurface fields (density, pressure,
horizontal and vertical velocities) in the upper ocean using sea-surface temperature (SST) …

A new nudging scheme is proposed for the operational prediction system of the National
Marine Environmental Forecasting Center (NMEFC) of China, mainly aimed at improving El …

Abstract In this study, El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) retrospective forecasts were
performed for the 120 yr from 1881 to 2000 using three realistic models that assimilate the …

A simple method for initializing coupled general circulation models (CGCMs) using only sea
surface temperature (SST) data is comprehensively tested in an extended set of ensemble …

Oceanic observation design is of considerable significance and has made remarkable
progress during the past several decades. This study addresses the critical role of numerical …

An ensemble data assimilation approach for El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
forecasting is proposed by embedding nonlinear forcing singular vector-data assimilation …

Abstract The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) can cause climate anomalies on a global
scale, and further affect human life and activities in coastal zones. Therefore, its forecast is of …

A variational data assimilation system has been implemented for the tropical Pacific Ocean
using an eddy‐permitting regional implementation of the MITgcm. The adjoint assimilation …