Wind-waves have an important role in Earth system dynamics through air–sea interactions
and are key drivers of coastal and offshore hydro-morphodynamics that affect communities …

A rigorous synthesis of the sea-ice ecosystem and linked ecosystem services highlights that
the sea-ice ecosystem supports all 4 ecosystem service categories, that sea-ice ecosystems …

This chapter assesses the state of physical, biological and social knowledge concerning the
Arctic and Antarctic ocean and cryosphere, how they are affected by climate change, and …

New metrics and evidence are presented that support a linkage between rapid Arctic
warming, relative to Northern hemisphere mid-latitudes, and more frequent high-amplitude …

Extreme waves will undergo changes in the future when exposed to different climate change
scenarios. These changes are evaluated through the analysis of significant wave height (Hs) …

The rapid Arctic summer sea ice reduction in the last decade has lead to debates in the
maritime industries on the possibility of an increase in cargo transportation in the region …

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the leading international body
for assessing the science related to climate change. It provides policymakers with regular …

Over the past decade, the diminishing Arctic sea ice has impacted the wave field, which
depends on the ice-free ocean and wind. This study characterizes the wave climate in the …

This chapter assesses the state of physical, biological and social knowledge concerning the
Arctic and Antarctic ocean and cryosphere, how they are affected by climate change, and …

Large quantities of methane are stored in hydrates and permafrost within shallow marine
sediments in the Arctic Ocean. These reservoirs are highly sensitive to climate warming, but …