Subdivisions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) evolved at different times. Agranular parts of the
PFC emerged in early mammals, and rodents, primates, and other modern mammals share …

Prefrontal cortex (PFC) means different things to different people. In recent years, there has
been a major increase in publications on the PFC, especially using mice. However …

The thalamus engages in various functions including sensory processing, attention, decision
making and memory. Classically, this diversity of function has been attributed to the nuclear …

Cerebellar dysfunction has been demonstrated in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs);
however, the circuits underlying cerebellar contributions to ASD-relevant behaviors remain …

Historically, the thalamus has been viewed as little more than a relay, simply transferring
information to key players of the cast, the cortex and hippocampus, without providing any …

The mediodorsal thalamus (MD) shares reciprocal connectivity with the prefrontal cortex
(PFC), and decreased MD–PFC connectivity is observed in schizophrenia patients. Patients …

Rat orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is located in the dorsal bank of the rhinal sulcus, and is
divided into the medial orbital area, ventral orbital area, ventrolateral orbital area, lateral …

Ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine (DA) neurons are often thought to uniformly encode
reward prediction errors. Conversely, DA release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), the …

The Papez circuit, first proposed by James Papez in 1937, is a circuit believed to control
memory and emotions, composed of the cingulate cortex, entorhinal cortex …

Extraversion has two central characteristics:(1) interpersonal engagement, which consists of
affiliation (enjoying and valuing close interpersonal bonds, being warm and affectionate) …