There is growing interest in diffusion models to represent the cognitive and neural processes
of speeded decision making. Sequential-sampling models like the diffusion model have a …

Rewards are crucial objects that induce learning, approach behavior, choices, and
emotions. Whereas emotions are difficult to investigate in animals, the learning function is …

The degree of confidence in a decision provides a graded and probabilistic assessment of
expected outcome. Although neural mechanisms of perceptual decisions have been studied …

In theoretical accounts of perceptual decision-making, a decision variable integrates noisy
sensory evidence and determines action through a boundary-crossing criterion. Signals …

While judging their sensory environments, decision-makers seem to use the uncertainty
about their choices to guide adjustments of their subsequent behaviour. One possible …

We review and synthesize recent neurophysiological studies of decision making in humans
and nonhuman primates. From these studies, the basic outline of the neurobiological …

A decision is a commitment to a proposition or plan of action based on information and
values associated with the possible outcomes. The process operates in a flexible timeframe …

Summary" Degree of certainty" refers to the subjective belief, prior to feedback, that a
decision is correct. A reliable estimate of certainty is essential for prediction, learning from …

The gradual and noisy accumulation of evidence is a fundamental component of decision-
making, with noise playing a key role as the source of variability and errors. However, the …

Skilled sensorimotor interactions with the world result from a series of decision-making
processes that determine, on the basis of information extracted during the unfolding …