Melatonin is ubiquitous molecule with wide distribution in nature and is produced by many
living organisms. In human beings, pineal gland is the major site for melatonin production …

Rodents are commonly used to study the pathophysiological mechanisms of pain as studies
in humans may be difficult to perform and ethically limited. As pain cannot be directly …

Neuropathic pain is a frequent condition caused by a lesion or disease of the central or
peripheral somatosensory nervous system. A frequent cause of peripheral neuropathic pain …

The primary motor cortex (M1) is involved in the control of voluntary movements and is
extensively mapped in this capacity. Although the M1 is implicated in modulation of pain, the …

Diabetic neuropathy is one of the clinical syndromes characterized by pain and substantial
morbidity primarily due to a lesion of the somatosensory nervous system. The burden of …

The primary objective of preclinical pain research is to improve the treatment of pain.
Decades of research using pain-evoked tests has revealed much about mechanisms but …

Ensuring that laboratory rodent pain is well managed underpins the ethical acceptability of
working with these animals in research. Appropriate treatment of pain in laboratory rodents …

Noxious stimuli are detected by peripheral nociceptors and then transmitted to higher CNS
centers, where they are perceived as an unpleasant sensation. The mechanisms that govern …

Chronic pain is a maladaptive neurological disease that remains a major health problem. A
deepening of our knowledge on mechanisms that cause pain is a prerequisite to develo** …

Globally, over 300 million surgical procedures are performed annually, with pain being one
of the most common post-operative side effects. During the onset of injury, acute pain plays …