Ferromanganese (Fe–Mn) crusts are strongly enriched relative to the Earth's lithosphere in
many rare and critical metals, including Co, Te, Mo, Bi, Pt, W, Zr, Nb, Y, and rare-earth …

With increasing demand for mineral resources, extraction of polymetallic sulphides at
hydrothermal vents, cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts at seamounts, and polymetallic …

The ocean is a key component of the Earth system (Chapter 1) as it provides essential life
supporting services (Inniss et al. 2017). For example, it stores heat trapped in the …

A comprehensive understanding of the deep-sea environment and mining's likely impacts is
necessary to assess whether and under what conditions deep-seabed mining operations …

Seamounts are globally distributed across the oceans and form one of the major oceanic
biomes. Here, we utilized combined analyses of bulk metagenome and virome to study viral …

Increasing interest in deep-seabed mining has raised many questions surrounding its
potential environmental impacts and how to assess the impacts' significance. Under the …

Coastal defence structures are proliferating as a result of rising sea levels and stormier seas.
With the realisation that most coastal infrastructure cannot be lost or removed, research is …

While there are many generalized schemes representing the biogeographic distribution of
life in the deep sea, reviewed here, a comprehensive analysis has not been undertaken …

The impacts of large terrestrial volcanic eruptions are apparent from satellite monitoring and
direct observations. However, more than three quarters of all volcanic outputs worldwide lie …

The structure of seafloor terrain affects the distribution and diversity of animals in all
seascapes. Effects of terrain on fish assemblages have been reported from most …