Since the first demonstration of the generation of attosecond pulses (1 as= 10− 18 s) in the
extreme-ultraviolet spectral region, several measurement techniques have been introduced …

The metal centres in metalloenzymes and molecular catalysts are responsible for the
rearrangement of atoms and electrons during complex chemical reactions, and they enable …

Over more than a century, X-rays have transformed our understanding of the fundamental
structure of matter and have been an indispensable tool for chemistry, physics, biology …

This review is focused on free-electron lasers (FELs) in the hard to soft x-ray regime. The
aim is to provide newcomers to the area with insights into: the basic physics of FELs, the …

We will ask and partly answer a few questions. What is the difference between a laser and a
light bulb? In which frequency ranges are lasers available? Which are the sizes and the …

Crossings of electronic potential energy surfaces in nuclear configuration space, known as
conical intersections, determine the rates and outcomes of a large class of photochemical …

We demonstrate the generation of extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) free-electron laser (FEL) pulses
with time-dependent polarization. To achieve polarization modulation on a femtosecond …

It is a long-standing challenge for laser technologies to generate intense fully coherent
pulses in the x-ray regime. Here, we demonstrate an external seeding mechanism, termed …

The recent development of ultrafast extreme ultraviolet (XUV) coherent light sources bears
great potential for a better understanding of the structure and dynamics of matter. Promising …

The successful realization of high gain free-electron lasers has opened new possibilities to
X-ray scientists for investigating matter in different states. The availability of unprecedented …