BACKGROUND Biodiversity is under siege, with greatly enhanced rates of local and global
extinction and the decline of once-abundant species. Current rates of human-induced …

Organic farming is characterized by the prohibition of the use of chemical synthetic fertilizers,
pesticides, feed additives and genetically modified organisms and by the application of …

Scientific knowledge, societal debates, and industry commitments around sustainable cocoa
are increasing. Cocoa agroforestry systems are supposed to improve the sustainability of …

Meeting demands for agricultural production while maintaining ecosystem services,
mitigating and adapting to climate change and conserving biodiversity will be a defining …

Research published in this special issue on cocoa agroforestry illustrates the multifunctional
role of shade trees for sustaining cocoa production and improving farmers' livelihoods, and …

Agroforestry systems comprise trees and crops, or trees and pastures within the same field.
Globally, they cover approximately 1 billion hectares of land and contribute to the livelihoods …

Growing cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) in an agroforestry system generates a productive use
of the land, preserves the best conditions for physical, chemical and biological properties of …

Key message Shade trees in agroforestry systems protect the understory cocoa from climate
extremes. Shade tree pruning manages microclimatic conditions in favor of cocoa …

The environmental sustainability has emerged as a crucial aspect in the agri-food sector,
nevertheless environmental assessments and certifications of cocoa and chocolate are still …

In this review, we examine the debate surrounding the role for organic agriculture in future
food production systems. Typically represented as a binary organic–conventional question …