The sequence of microbial genomes made all potential antigens of each pathogen available
for vaccine development. This increased by orders of magnitude potential vaccine targets in …

Chronic viral infections and malignant tumours induce T cells that have a reduced ability to
secrete effector cytokines and have upregulated expression of the inhibitory receptor PD1 …

BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is an emerging infectious disease
caused by SARS-CoV-2. Antiviral immune response is crucial to achieve pathogen …

Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-specific CD8 T cells are functionally exhausted in chronic hepatitis B
infection, and this condition can be corrected only partially through the modulation of …

With 1.4 million deaths and 8.7 million new cases in 2011, tuberculosis (TB) remains a
global health care problem and together with HIV and Malaria represents one of the three …

Rapid diagnosis of active Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection remains a clinical and
laboratory challenge. We have analyzed the cytokine profile (interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor …

Background To further increase the efficacy of malaria vaccine RTS, S/AS02A, we tested the
RTS, S antigen formulated using the AS01B Adjuvant System (GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals) …

High Ag load in chronic viral infections has been associated with impairment of Ag-specific T
cell responses; however, the relationship between Ag load in chronic Mycobacterium …

Hepatitis C (HCV) is a major cause of liver disease, in which a third of individuals with
chronic HCV infections may develop liver cirrhosis. In a chronic HCV infection, host immune …

Infection with one of the four serotypes of dengue virus (DENV1–4) can result in a range of
clinical manifestations in humans, from dengue fever to the more serious dengue …