Interleukin-18 (IL-18) is a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in host defense against
infections and regulates the innate and acquired immune response. IL-18 is produced by …

Until recently, the development of new human adjuvants was held back by a poor
understanding of their mechanisms of action. The field was revolutionized by the discovery …

Interleukin (IL)-18 was originally discovered as a factor that enhanced IFN-γ production from
anti-CD3-stimulated Th1 cells, especially in the presence of IL-12. Upon stimulation with Ag …

Macrophages respond to microbial ligands and various noxious cues by initiating an
inflammatory response aimed at eliminating the original pathogenic insult. Transition of …

The functional maturation and preservation of hepatic cells derived from human induced
pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are essential to personalized in vitro drug screening and …

The innate immune system is central for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and quickly
responds to local or systemic perturbations by pathogenic or sterile insults. This rapid …

In recent years, researchers have devoted much attention to the diverse roles of
macrophages and their contributions to tissue development, wound healing, and …

The Warburg Effect is one of the most well-known cancer hallmarks. This metabolic pattern
centered on lactate has extremely complex effects on various aspects of tumor …

One of the mechanisms by which the innate immune system senses the invasion of
pathogenic microorganisms is through the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which recognize …

The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is an evolutionarily conserved
signaling pathway that senses intra‐and extracellular nutrients, growth factors, and …