Plants have evolved an array of defenses against pathogens. However, mounting a defense
response frequently comes with the cost of a reduction in growth and reproduction, carrying …

Cheating is a focal concept in the study of mutualism, with the majority of researchers
considering cheating to be both prevalent and highly damaging. However, current …

Indirect defence, the adaptive top‐down control of herbivores by plant traits that enhance
predation, is a central component of plant–herbivore interactions. However, the scope of …

Understanding the successes and failures of nonnative species remains challenging. In
recent decades, researchers have developed the enemy release hypothesis and other …

Ant–plant symbioses involve over 110 ant species in five subfamilies that are facultative or
obligate occupants of stem, leaf or root domatia formed by hundreds of ant‐plant species …

Studies of biodiversity and ecosystem function (BEF) have long focused on the role of
nitrogen (N)-fixing legumes as a functional group that occupies a distinct and important …

Habitat loss is one of the greatest threats to biodiversity, exerting negative effects on the
ecological viability of natural vegetation remnants. The south Brazilian grasslands belong to …

Extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) mediating ecologically important ant–plant protection
mutualisms are especially common and unusually diverse in the Leguminosae. We present …

Plants have evolved a series of defensive mechanisms against pathogens and herbivores,
but the defense response always leads to decreases in growth or reproduction, which has …

Despite the increasing number of studies dealing with interaction networks in the last few
years, there is still a lack of knowledge about how their structural organization are affected …