Behavioural, cellular and molecular studies have revealed significant effects of enriched
environments on rodents and other species, and provided new insights into mechanisms of …

Synapses are essential components of neurons and allow information to travel coordinately
throughout the nervous system to adjust behavior to environmental stimuli and to control …

Improvements in medical interventions for people with Down's syndrome have led to a
substantial increase in their longevity. Diagnosis and treatment of neurological …

Brain plasticity refers to the remarkable property of cerebral neurons to change their
structure and function in response to experience, a fundamental theoretical theme in the …

Mutations in more than 450 different genes have been associated with intellectual disability
(ID) and related cognitive disorders (CDs), such as autism. It is to be expected that this …

Down syndrome is the most common form of intellectual disability and results from one of the
most complex genetic perturbations that is compatible with survival, trisomy 21. The study of …

Environmental enrichment (EE) is known to profoundly affect the central nervous system
(CNS) at the functional, anatomical and molecular level, both during the critical period and …

A consistent feature of neurons in patients with mental retardation is abnormal dendritic
structure and/or alterations in dendritic spine morphology. Deficits in the regulation of the …

Down syndrome (DS) is one of the leading causes of intellectual disability, and patients with
DS face various health issues, including learning and memory deficits, congenital heart …

Abstract The Ts65Dn mouse is a genetic model for Down syndrome. Although this mouse
shows abnormalities in cognitive function that implicate hippocampus as well as marked …