BACKGROUND Synthetic membranes are used for desalination, dialysis, sterile filtration,
food processing, dehydration of air and other industrial, medical, and environmental …

Water scarcity is a grand challenge that has always stimulated research interests in finding
effective means for pure water production. In this context, reverse osmosis (RO) is …

In recent years, numerous large-scale seawater desalination plants have been built in water-
stressed countries to augment available water resources, and construction of new …

Ion exchange membranes (IEMs) have been established as a key component in industrial
water desalination and electrolysis processes. Thus, nowadays, they are being studied and …

Ultrafast water permeation in aquaporins is promoted by their hydrophobic interior surface.
Polytetrafluoroethylene has a dense fluorine surface, leading to its strong water repellence …

Reverse osmosis membrane technology has developed over the past 40 years to a 44%
share in world desalting production capacity, and an 80% share in the total number of …

Desalination capacity has rapidly increased in the last decade because of the increase in
water demand and a significant reduction in desalination cost as a result of significant …

Sustainable and affordable supply of clean, safe, and adequate water is one of the most
challenging issues facing the world. Membrane separation technology is one of the most …

Over the past decades, water scarcity and security have significantly stimulated the
advances of reverse osmosis (RO) technology, which dominates the global desalination …

Polymeric membranes are an energy‐efficient means of purifying water, but they suffer from
fouling during filtration. Modification of the membrane surface is one route to mitigating …