Calcium is an essential element needed for growth and development of plants under both
non-stressed and stress conditions. It thereby fulfills a dual function, being not only an …

Abstract The calcium ion (Ca2+) is a universal signal in all eukaryotic cells. A fundamental
question is how Ca2+, a simple cation, encodes complex information with high specificity …

Plants constantly come into contact with a diverse mix of pathogenic and beneficial
microbes. The ability to distinguish between them and to respond appropriately is essential …

Contents Summary 49 I. Introduction 49 II. Physiological and structural characteristics of
plant Ca2+‐permeable ion channels 50 III. Ca2+ extrusion systems 61 IV. Concluding …

Salt stress reduces land and water productivity and contributes to poverty and food
insecurity. Increased salinization caused by human practices and climate change is …

It is well known that glutamate (Glu), a neurotransmitter in human body, is a protein amino
acid. It plays a very important role in plant growth and development. Nowadays, Glu has …

The identity of the cell files necessary for the leaf-to-leaf transmission of wound signals
plants has been debated for decades. In Arabidopsis, wounding initiates the glutamate …

Systemic signaling pathways enable multicellular organisms to prepare all of their tissues
and cells to an upcoming challenge that may initially only be sensed by a few local cells …

Wounded leaves communicate their damage status to one another through a poorly
understood process of long-distance signalling. This stimulates the distal production of …

In flowering plants, pollen tubes undergo tip growth to deliver two nonmotile sperm to the
ovule where they fuse with an egg and central cell to achieve double fertilization. This …