Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are a class of receptors that can directly recognize the
specific molecular structures on the surface of pathogens, apoptotic host cells, and damaged …

Modern vaccines have largely shifted from using whole, killed or attenuated pathogens to
being based on subunit components. Since this diminishes immunogenicity, vaccine …

Inducing antiretroviral therapy (ART)-free virological control is a critical step toward a human
immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) cure. In this phase 2a, placebo-controlled, double …

Nucleic acid sensors, primarily TLR and RLR family members, as well as cGAS–STING
signalling, play a critical role in the preservation of cellular and organismal homeostasis …

COVID-19 pandemic is a major human tragedy. Worldwide, SARS-CoV-2 has already
infected over 3 million and has killed about 230,000 people. SARS-CoV-2 originated in …

Globally, the majority of people living with HIV are women or girls, but they have been a
minority of participants in clinical trials and observational studies of HIV. Despite this …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pattern recognition receptors and part of the first
line of defense against invading microbes. In humans, we know of 10 different TLRs, which …

Design: This was an exploratory, single-arm clinical trial that tested the immune
enhancement effects of 24-weeks of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonist (MGN1703; …

The elimination of both cellular and tissue latent reservoirs is a challenge toward a
successful HIV cure.“Shock and Kill” are among the therapeutic strategies that have been …

Abstract Background Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are a family of fundamental pattern
recognition receptors in the innate immune system, constituting the first line of defense …