Recent studies have revealed the complex and flexible transcriptional regulatory network
involved in cold-stress responses. Focusing on two major signaling pathways that respond …

Protein kinases are major players in various signal transduction pathways. Understanding
the molecular mechanisms behind plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses has …

Nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) are major immune receptors in
plants and animals. Upon activation, the Arabidopsis NLR protein ZAR1 forms a pentameric …

Calcium ions function as a key second messenger ion in eukaryotes. Spatially and
temporally defined cytoplasmic Ca2+ signals are shaped through the concerted activity of …

Calcium (Ca2+) is a unique mineral that serves as both a nutrient and a signal in all
eukaryotes. To maintain Ca2+ homeostasis for both nutrition and signaling purposes, the …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are signaling molecules essential for plant responses to
abiotic and biotic stimuli as well as for multiple developmental processes. They are …

Plants constantly come into contact with a diverse mix of pathogenic and beneficial
microbes. The ability to distinguish between them and to respond appropriately is essential …

Precise signalling between pollen tubes and synergid cells in the ovule initiates fertilization
in flowering plants. Contact of the pollen tube with the ovule triggers calcium spiking in the …

This article is part of the Top 10 Unanswered Questions in MPMI invited review series.
Plants recognize the presence or invasion of microbes through cell surface-localized pattern …

Simple Summary Due to the banning of many synthetic pesticides, current intensive farming
systems require us to develop new approaches to integrated pest management. Devastating …