The deep ocean below 200 m water depth is the least observed, but largest habitat on our
planet by volume and area. Over 150 years of exploration has revealed that this dynamic …

The deep sea (> 200 m depth) encompasses> 95% of the world's ocean volume and
represents the largest and least explored biome on Earth (< 0.0001% of ocean surface), yet …

With increasing demand for mineral resources, extraction of polymetallic sulphides at
hydrothermal vents, cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts at seamounts, and polymetallic …

Serious concerns have been raised about the ecological effects of industrialized fishing,,,
spurring a United Nations resolution on restoring fisheries and marine ecosystems to …

Biological structures exert a major influence on species diversity at both local and regional
scales on deep continental margins. Some organisms use other species as substrates for …

The deep sea is often viewed as a vast, dark, remote, and inhospitable environment, yet the
deep ocean and seafloor are crucial to our lives through the services that they provide. Our …

Hunting by humans played a major role in extirpating terrestrial megafauna on several
continents and megafaunal loss continues today in both terrestrial and marine ecosystems …

Bottom trawling has many impacts on marine ecosystems, including seafood stock
impoverishment, benthos mortality, and sediment resuspension. Historical records of this …

Human impacts on the world's oceans have been substantial, leading to concerns about the
extinction of marine taxa. We have compiled 133 local, regional and global extinctions of …

This concise introductory text provides a complete overview of biodiversity-what it is, how it
arose, its distribution, why it is important, human impact upon it, and what should be done to …