In this paper, we review algorithmic bias in education, discussing the causes of that bias and
reviewing the empirical literature on the specific ways that algorithmic bias is known to have …

Abstract The field of Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIED) has undergone significant
developments over the last twenty-five years. As we reflect on our past and shape our future …

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in using the methods of educational data
mining (EDM) and learning analytics (LA) to study and measure learner cognition. In this …

The initial vision for intelligent tutoring systems involved powerful, multi-faceted systems that
would leverage rich models of students and pedagogies to create complex learning …

Abstract Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) are computer programs that model learners'
psychological states to provide individualized instruction. They have been developed for …

We study the incidence (rate of occurrence), persistence (rate of reoccurrence immediately
after occurrence), and impact (effect on behavior) of students' cognitive–affective states …

This paper provides interested beginners with an updated and detailed introduction to the
field of Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS). ITSs are computer programs that use artificial …

This article describes research results based on multiple years of experimentation and real-
world experience with an adaptive tutoring system named Wayang Outpost. The system …

Exploring how learners' knowledge states evolve during the learning activities is a critical
task in online learning systems, which can facilitate personalized services downstream, such …

Constructionism can be a powerful framework for teaching complex content to novices. At
the core of constructionism is the suggestion that by enabling learners to build creative …